Material characterization is an ideal application area for Raman spectroscopy, due to its high chemical specificity and rapid, non-contact measurement. Solid, liquid, or gaseous, nearly all materials possess a unique Raman spectral fingerprint. The technique can be readily scaled to microscopic approaches, allowing interrogation of extremely small volumes and samples, such as nanomaterials. Characterization of nanomaterials is critical to determining structural and conformational properties. Raman spectroscopy is a highly efficient technique to study the electronic properties, compositions, and mechanical stresses in these materials, all of which can manifest in Raman band shape and frequency shift.